Furthermore, they probably stimulate the endogenous stem cells to proliferate and contribute to the repair process ( 16). The BM-MNSCs, probably by paracrine effects, stimulate angiogenesis and vascularization in ischemic areas ( 14, 15). The stem cells home not only to the bone marrow but also to injured areas where they are activated to secrete different cytokines and growth factors ( 11- 13). When the marrow cells are infused peripherally, different mechanisms of action take place. The BM-MNSCs contain several types of cells including the hematopoietic precursors, the MSCs and mature differentiated cells. These include the bone marrow mononuclear stem cell (BM-MNSC), the peripheral hematopoietic stem cells, the mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), the embryonic, the induced pluripotent stem cells, and others ( 9, 10). There are several types of stem cells under investigation for the treatment of T2D. Progenitor stem cells have the capacity to self-renew and differentiate into different cell types in vitro depending on their micro-environment. Newer categories of diabetic drugs are helping to delay the different complications nevertheless, because of the progressive nature of the disease, there comes a point where the choices become limited as the injectable insulin becomes necessary ( 7, 8). There are also inflammatory, immune and microvascular abnormalities in T2D evident through cytokine disturbances resulting in clinical manifestations and widespread complications ( 4- 7). T2D patients have impaired insulin production due to pancreatic beta cell degeneration and dysfunction associated with abnormal signaling downstream the pathway from the insulin receptor resulting in peripheral insulin resistance ( 4). Ninety-five percent of the patients inflicted with diabetes have type 2 diabetes (T2D) which carries a huge burden on the patient and society in terms of complications, psychological impact and economic cost ( 1- 3). This incidence will likely double in the next few decades due to the widespread sedentary lifestyles and dietary indiscretions. Diabetes incidence is on the rise, afflicting 8–10% of the world population with as many suspected of having pre-diabetes.
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |